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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский биотерапевтический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9784</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1726-9792</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1614</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9784-2026-25-1-10-18</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Laboratory diagnostics of B-cell immunity after SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Лабораторная диагностика В-клеточного звена иммунитета после перенесенных инфекции SARS-CoV-2 и других вирусных инфекций</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-5863</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lobov</surname><given-names>Anton V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лобов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lobov-anton@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0421-3287</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pogodina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Погодина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lobov-anton@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3481-2854</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>Polina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>П. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lobov-anton@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3446-9176</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golovnya</surname><given-names>Evgeny G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Головня</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lobov-anton@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1188-6578</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорокина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lobov-anton@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9374-3158</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shubina</surname><given-names>Irina Zh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шубина</surname><given-names>И. Ж.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lobov-anton@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Scientific and Medical Laboratory “Aliquot” LLC</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-медицинская лаборатория ООО «Аликвота»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И. И. Мечникова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>10</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-27"><day>27</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-27"><day>27</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, ABV-Press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, АБВ-пресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-Press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВ-пресс</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1614">https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1614</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly influenced the development of clinical laboratory diagnostics and showed the importance of comprehensive study of immune status to various infectious agents, in particular to SARS-CoV-2, in addition to PCR for pathogen identification. The study of humoral immunity, based on the detection of antibodies, without determining the cellular immunity assessment does not allow to assess the immune response, which is important for detecting its intensity and prognosis of the disease during infection. Assessing the potential of memory B cells to proliferate into antibody-secreting cells and quantifying the specific antibodies secreted by them will enable evaluation of the duration of B-cell memory.</p> <p><bold>Aim</bold>. To explore the current possibilities for diagnosing cellular immunity, with a focus on the B-cell component, after SARS-CoV-2 infection and other viral infections.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. A review study was conducted based on data from foreign (PubMed, Oxford Medicine Online, Penn Libraries, Springer) and Russian literature (e-Library), mainly from 2020 to 2025, on the methods of determining and maintaining the duration of B-cell memory to COVID-19 after vaccination and previous infection, as well as other viral infections.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. Finding an accessible platform and methods for the detection of specific B-cell memory to SARS-CoV-2 and other infections that can be utilized in clinical diagnostic laboratories is an important challenge at the present time. The detection of a specific memory B-cell clone would allow characterizing immune status, improving retrospective long-term diagnosis of COVID-19, evaluating the efficacy of vaccine prophylaxis and predicting the effectiveness of the antagonistic response in subsequent exposure to infection. Test systems capable of characterizing B-lymphocytes by determining the clonal affiliation of the B-cell receptor and the proliferation potential of memory B-cells for subsequent secretion of specific immunoglobulins are poorly distributed in the world and absent in Russia. At the same time, the possibility of detecting memory B-cell clones for COVID-19 and other infections, capable of rapidly synthesizing a large number of specific antibodies, is of crucial importance in the development of the disease in case of repeated contact with the pathogen.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Пандемия COVID-19 существенно повлияла на развитие клинической лабораторной диагностики и показала важность комплексного изучения иммунного статуса к различным возбудителям инфекционных заболеваний, в частности к SARS-CoV-2, помимо проведения полимеразной цепной реакции для идентификации возбудителя. Исследование гуморального иммунитета, основанное на обнаружении антител без определения показателей клеточного звена, не позволяет комплексно оценить иммунный ответ, что важно для оценки его напряженности и прогноза заболевания при инфицировании. Определение потенциала В-клеток памяти к пролиферации в антителасекретирующие клетки и количественное определение секретированных ими специфических антител позволят оценить длительность B-клеточной памяти.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – изучить современные возможности диагностики клеточного иммунитета с акцентом на В-клеточное звено после перенесенной инфекции SARS-CoV-2 и других вирусных инфекций.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Выполнено обзорное исследование по данным зарубежной (PubMed, Oxford Medicine Online, Penn Libraries, Springer) и российской (e-Library) литературы в основном за период с 2020 по 2025 г. по теме способов определения и длительности сохранения В-клеток памяти к COVID-19 после вакцинации и перенесенной инфекции и другим вирусным инфекциям.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Поиск доступной платформы и способов для обнаружения специфической В-клеточной памяти к SARS-CoV-2 и другим инфекциям, которые могут быть использованы в клинико-диагностических лабораториях, является важной задачей на современном этапе. При этом обнаружение специфического клона В-клеток памяти позволило бы охарактеризовать иммунный статус, усовершенствовать ретроспективную долговременную диагностику COVID-19, оценить эффективность проведенной вакцинопрофилактики и прогнозировать эффективность антительного ответа при последующем контакте с инфекцией. Тест-системы, способные охарактеризовать В-лимфоциты, определив клональную принадлежность В-клеточного рецептора и потенциал пролиферации В-клеток памяти по последующей секреции специфических иммуноглобулинов, имеют низкую доступность и распространенность в мире и отсутствуют в России. При этом возможность обнаружения клонов B-клеток памяти к COVID-19 и к другим инфекциям, способных быстро синтезировать большое количество специфичных антител, имеет решающее значение в развитии заболевания при повторном контакте с возбудителем.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>B-cells memory</kwd><kwd>B-cell immunity</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>В-клетки памяти</kwd><kwd>В-клеточный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Chaplin D.D. Overview of the immune response. 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