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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский биотерапевтический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9784</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1726-9792</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1584</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9784-2026-25-2-21-31</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Delivery systems of STING agonists for the immunotherapy of malignant neoplasms</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Системы доставки агонистов STING для иммунотерапии злокачественных новообразований</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0777-0422</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shceglov</surname><given-names>Stepan D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щеглов</surname><given-names>Степан Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>stepanshceglov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7115-7797</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sadovskaya</surname><given-names>Yana O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садовская</surname><given-names>Я. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>stepanshceglov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0317-9948</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karimova</surname><given-names>Anastasia O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каримова</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>stepanshceglov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-6094</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solopova</surname><given-names>Olga N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солопова</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>stepanshceglov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1525-732X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlova</surname><given-names>Zhanna M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлова</surname><given-names>Ж. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>aganusya1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый МГМУ им. И. М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>21</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-08"><day>08</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, ABV-Press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, АБВ-пресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-Press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВ-пресс</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1584">https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1584</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.</bold> One of the key components of innate immune signaling pathways, the STING (STimulator of INterferon Genes) protein, is currently a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. Activation of STING leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines, in particular type 1 interferons, which provide an antitumor immune response. The clinical potential of STING agonists is limited by their systemic toxicity due to their relatively non-specific action. One of the approaches to expand the therapeutic index of drugs is to modify the native structure of STING agonists to make them more sensitive to physiologically relevant stimuli. Another approach is to develop efficient delivery system that reduce the impact of encapsulated STING agonists on healthy tissues.</p> <p><bold>Aim.</bold> Systematization and generalization the literature data on the development of delivery systems of STING agonists based on immunoconjugates, liposomes, and polymer nanoparticles.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The delivery systems discussed show significant potential for enhancing the efficacy of STING agonist-based immunotherapy for malignant neoplasms. As substances exhibiting therapeutically relevant activity in the nanomolar concentration range, STING agonists represent a suitable candidate as a payload of immunoconjugates. During the pharmaceutical development of such a delivery system, it is necessary to take into account the properties of its structural components, primarily the STING agonist itself. The result is almost always a unique product: a molecular construct capable of selectively delivering the STING activator to the tumor microenvironment while minimizing systemic side effects. Encapsulation of STING agonists, particularly cyclic dinucleotides, within nanoparticles serves as an effective tool for increasing their <italic>in vivo </italic>stability, improving cellular uptake, and reducing systemic toxicity.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The development of innovative delivery systems is a critical factor for the successful clinical implementation of STING agonist-based biotherapy for malignant neoplasms. The flexibility of the structure of nanoplatforms allows for their further modification and optimization, including the improvements in manufacturing technology to obtain a stable product with specified characteristics.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Один из ключевых компонентов сигнальных путей врожденного иммунитета, белок STING (STimulator of INterferon Genes – стимулятор генов интерферона), в настоящее время является многообещающей мишенью для иммунотерапии онкологических заболеваний. Активация STING приводит к выработке воспалительных цитокинов, в частности интерферонов I типа, обеспечивающих реализацию противоопухолевого иммунного ответа. Перспективы клинического применения агонистов STING ограничены их системной токсичностью, обусловленной относительной неизбирательностью действия. Одним из подходов, позволяющих расширить терапевтический индекс лекарственных средств, является модификация нативной структуры агонистов STING, позволяющая придать им, например, свойства чувствительности к физиологически релевантным стимулам. Другим подходом можно считать создание эффективной системы доставки, минимизирующей действие заключенных в них агонистов на здоровые ткани организма.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – систематизирование и обобщение данных литературы о разработке систем доставки агонистов STING на основе иммуноконъюгатов, липосом и полимерных наночастиц.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Рассмотренные системы доставки обладают значительным потенциалом для повышения эффективности иммунотерапии агонистами STING злокачественных новообразований. Будучи веществами, проявляющими терапевтически значимую активность в наномолярном диапазоне концентраций, агонисты STING представляют собой подходящую кандидатуру в качестве полезной нагрузки иммуноконъюгатов. При фармацевтической разработке подобной системы доставки необходимо учитывать свойства структурных компонентов, прежде всего самого агониста STING. Результатом является практически всегда уникальный продукт, представляющий собой молекулярную конструкцию, способную избирательно доставлять активатор STING в опухолевое микроокружение, минимизируя системные побочные эффекты. Инкапсулирование агонистов STING, в частности циклических динуклеотидов, в наночастицы представляет собой эффективный инструмент повышения их стабильности <italic>in vivo</italic>, улучшения их клеточного поглощения и снижения системной токсичности. Липосомальные системы доставки демонстрируют универсальность в инкапсуляции различных по физико-химическим свойствам молекул, в то время как полимерные наночастицы предлагают превосходную гибкость дизайна для контролируемого высвобождения.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Разработка инновационных систем доставки является определяющим фактором для успешной клинической реализации иммунотерапии злокачественных новообразований агонистами STING. Гибкость структуры наноплатформ позволяет проводить их дальнейшую модификацию и оптимизацию, включая совершенствование технологии производства, для получения стабильного продукта с заданными свойствами.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>STING agonist</kwd><kwd>immunoconjugate</kwd><kwd>liposome</kwd><kwd>polymer nanoparticle</kwd><kwd>cancer immunotherapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>агонист STING</kwd><kwd>иммуноконъюгат</kwd><kwd>липосома</kwd><kwd>полимерная наночастица</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия рака</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>056-00126-26 ПР</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out with the financial support of the Ministry of Health of Russia as part of research No. 126012715980-8 “Development of an immunobiological drug based on the immunoconjugate of the trastuzumab antibody with the original STING activator for targeted therapy of HER2-positive tumors”.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа была выполнена при финансовой поддержке Минздрава России в рамках исследования № 126012715980-8 «Разработка иммунобиологического препарата на основе иммуноконъюгата антитела трастузумаб с оригинальным активатором STING для таргетной терапии HER2-позитивных опухолей».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ishikawa H., Barber G.N. 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