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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский биотерапевтический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9784</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1726-9792</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1566</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9784-2025-24-3-19-28</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL REPORTS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Neutralizing ability of monoclonal antibodies directed to epitopes of functionally significant <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> pneumolysin domain</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нейтрализующая способность моноклональных антител, направленных к эпитопам функционально значимого домена пневмолизина <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0282-4471</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurbatova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курбатова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina Alexeevna Kurbatova </p><p>5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow 105064</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина Алексеевна Курбатова </p><p>105064 Москва, Малый Казенный пер., 5А</p></bio><email>kurbatova6162@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5123-2651</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakovleva</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яковлева</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow 105064</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>105064 Москва, Малый Казенный пер., 5А</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6704-0339</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrilova</surname><given-names>Natalya F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаврилова</surname><given-names>Н. Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow 105064</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>105064 Москва, Малый Казенный пер., 5А</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1926-8803</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorobyev</surname><given-names>Denis S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воробьев</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow 105064</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>105064 Москва, Малый Казенный пер., 5А</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0796-5764</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petukhova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петухова</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow 105064</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>105064 Москва, Малый Казенный пер., 5А</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6630-4838</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>Irina B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенова</surname><given-names>И. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow 105064</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>105064 Москва, Малый Казенный пер., 5А</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8434-231X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaitsev</surname><given-names>Anton E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцев</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow 105064</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>105064 Москва, Малый Казенный пер., 5А</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5161-4964</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volokh</surname><given-names>Yuri V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волох</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow 105064</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>105064 Москва, Малый Казенный пер., 5А</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6372-9910</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vartanova</surname><given-names>Nune O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вартанова</surname><given-names>Н. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow 105064</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>105064 Москва, Малый Казенный пер., 5А</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8962-4765</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Poddubikov</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поддубиков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow 105064</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>105064 Москва, Малый Казенный пер., 5А</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0875-4141</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Afanasyeva</surname><given-names>Olga M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афанасьева</surname><given-names>О. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow 105064</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>105064 Москва, Малый Казенный пер., 5А</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-5082</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zubkov</surname><given-names>Alexander A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зубков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow 105064</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>105064 Москва, Малый Казенный пер., 5А</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1566">https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1566</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.</bold> Pneumolysin (Ply) – bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysin produced by almost all strains of <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic>. Antibodies induced to pneumolysin for some extend are able to neutralize its pathogenic effect on cells.</p><p><bold>Aim.</bold> Investigation of the effect of monoclonal antibodies obtained to native (nPly) and recombinant (rPly) forms of Ply on the neutralization of the cytolytic activity of bacterial Ply <italic>in vitro</italic> and their preventive properties on mice challenged with a virulent strain of <italic>S. pneumoniae.</italic></p><p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> mAbs to the nPly and rPly forms of Ply was obtained from the ascitic fluid of mice. Polyclonal antibodies pAbs (rPly) were obtained from the serum of rabbits immunized with rPly. The inhibition of erythrocyte hemolysis was assessed by the minimum concentration of mAbs (nPly), pAbs (rPly) and pAbs (rPly), which prevents lysis of erythrocytes induced by nPly. The neutralizing ability of antibodies was evaluated on the ovarian cells of the Chinese hamster CHO-K1 by the minimum concentration of antibodies necessary to protect cells from 4 cytopathogenic doses of nPly. The protective properties of the antibodies were studied with a single intraperitoneal injection of 200 µg of antibodies to mice, followed by challenge with a lethal dose of <italic>S. pneumoniae.</italic></p><p><bold>Results.</bold> It was shown that 24 hours after intraperitoneal administration of nPly to mice, the body weight of the animals decreased and degenerative forms of red blood cells appeared in the blood. In <italic>in vitro </italic>experiments, nPly caused hemolysis of erythrocytes and destruction of CHO-K1 cells by the mechanism of apoptosis. mAbs (nPly), mAbs (rPly) and pAbs (rPly) inhibited erythrocyte hemolysis and neutralized the destruction of CHO-K1 cells. The highest neutralizing activity was shown by mAbs (rPly) and pAbs (rPly). A single injection of the studied antibodies to mice caused a decrease of their death when infected with the <italic>S. pneumoniae</italic> strain. There were no differences in the protective activity of antibodies.</p><p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Methods based on neutralizing the toxic effect of Ply <italic>S. pneumoniae</italic> with the help of antibodies can be considered as a tool to reduce the pathogenicity of pneumococci.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Пневмолизин (Ply) – бактериальный холестеролзависимый цитолизин, продуцируемый практически всеми штаммами <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic>. Антитела, индуцированные к Ply, способны в определенной степени нейтрализовать его патогенное действие на клетки.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>– изучить действие моноклональных антител (МкАт), полученных к нативной (натPly) и рекомбинантной (рекPly) формам Ply, на нейтрализацию цитолитической активности бактериального Ply <italic>in vitro</italic> и их превентивные свойства при заражении мышей вирулентным штаммом <italic>S. pneumoniae.</italic></p><p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> МкАт к натPly- и рекPly-форме получали из асцитной жидкости мышей. Поликлональные антитела ПкАт (рекPly) получали из сыворотки кроликов, иммунизированных рекPly. Ингибирование гемолиза эритроцитов оценивали по минимальной концентрации МкАт (натPly), МкАт (рекPly) и ПкАт (рекPly), предотвращающей лизис эритроцитов, индуцированный натPly. Нейтрализующую способность антител оценивали на клетках яичника китайского хомячка CHO-K1 по минимальной концентрации антител, необходимых для защиты клеток от 4 цитопатогенных доз натPly. Протективные свойства антител исследовали при однократном внутрибрюшинном введении мышам 200 мкг антител с последующим заражением летальной дозой <italic>S. pneumoniae.</italic></p><p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Показано, что через 24 ч после внутрибрюшинного введения мышам натPly снижалась масса тела животных и появлялись дегенеративные формы эритроцитов в крови. В опытах <italic>in vitro </italic>натPly вызывал гемолиз эритроцитов и разрушение клеток CHO-K1 по механизму апоптоза. МкАт (натPly), МкАт (рекPly) и ПкАт (рекPly) ингибировали гемолиз эритроцитов и нейтрализовали разрушение клеток CHO-K1. Наиболее высокой нейтрализующей активностью характеризовались МкАт (рекPly) и ПкАт (рекPly). Однократное введение мышам исследованных антител вызывало замедление их гибели при заражении штаммом<italic> S. pneumoniae.</italic> Различий в протективной активности антител не выявлено.</p><p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Методы, основанные на нейтрализации токсического действия Ply <italic>S. pneumoniae</italic> с помощью антител, можно рассматривать как инструмент снижения патогенности пневмококка.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>monoclonal antibodies</kwd><kwd>pneumolysin</kwd><kwd>cytolysis</kwd><kwd>hemolysis</kwd><kwd>passive protection of mice</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>моноклональное антитело</kwd><kwd>пневмолизин</kwd><kwd>цитолиз</kwd><kwd>гемолиз</kwd><kwd>пассивная защита мышей</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Marshall J.E., Faraj B.H.A., Gingras A.R. et al. 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