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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский биотерапевтический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9784</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1726-9792</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1548</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9784-2025-24-2-22-31</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL REPORTS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of the effects of different interleukin combinations on proliferation and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка воздействия различных комбинаций интерлейкинов на пролиферацию и цитотоксичность клеток – натуральных киллеров</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7478-8783</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorova</surname><given-names>P. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фёдорова</surname><given-names>П. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Polina O. Fedorova.</p><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522; 5A Maly Kazenny Lane, Moscow 105064; Bld. 2, 8 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119048</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фёдорова Полина Олеговна.</p><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24; 105064 Москва, Малый Казенный пер., 5А; 119048 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><email>ppolite@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0769-1695</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chikileva</surname><given-names>I. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чикилева</surname><given-names>И. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina O. Chikileva.</p><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Научный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-13"><day>13</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-13"><day>13</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1548">https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1548</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>. One of the approaches to expand natural killer (NK) and NKT cells for subsequent CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) therapy is cultivation in the presence of certain cytokines and/or feeder cells.</p><p><bold>Aim</bold>. To evaluate the effect of combinations of interleukin (IL): IL-2 + IL-15, IL-2 + IL-15 + IL-21 or IL-2 alone on NK and NKT cells during long-term cultivation in the presence of autologous feeder cells, which were non-irradiated T lymphocytes activated by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).</p><p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. Peripheral blood and leukocyte-platelet concentrate were used as a source of peripheral blood mononuclear cell. After peripheral blood mononuclear cell isolation, the lymphocyte culture was activated using adsorbed mAbs to CD3 and CD28 receptors. Then, activated lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of IL-2 + IL-15, IL-2 + IL-15 + IL-21, or IL-2 alone, periodically assessing the increase in the total number of cells, expression of surface markers, and cytotoxic activity.</p><p><bold>Results</bold>. Using the combination of IL-2 + IL-15 + IL-21, the greatest increase in cells and maximum cytotoxicity were observed; the proportion of NKT cells (CD3<sup>+</sup>CD56<sup>+</sup>) by the end of the cultivation was also the highest compared to other cultivation modes and amounted to 59 %. In the presence of a combination of IL-2 and IL-15, lower cytotoxicity of the cultured lymphocytes was determined compared to other experimental options, which may be due to exhaustion of the cell population. Based on the literature data, the addition of IL-21 to the culture medium probably neutralizes this negative effect of IL-15.</p><p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. Based on the dynamics of proliferation, receptor expression and cytotoxicity of cultured lymphocytes, it can be concluded that the cytokine combination consisting of IL-2, IL-15 and IL-21 is most effective for enriching the NKT cell population upon stimulation with mAb and in the presence of autologous activated T lymphocytes. For the most effective generation of the NK cell population, it is necessary to use other feeder cells, probably of tumor origin, or other expansion protocols.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Одним из подходов для обогащения популяций натуральных киллеров (НК) и натуральных киллеров Т-клеток (НКТ-клеток) для последующей CAR-терапии (CAR – химерный рецептор антигена) является культивирование в присутствии определенных цитокинов и/или фидерных клеток.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – оценка воздействия на НК- и НКТ-клетки комбинаций интерлейкинов (ИЛ): ИЛ-2 + ИЛ-15, ИЛ-2 + ИЛ-15 + ИЛ-21 или только ИЛ-2 при длительном культивировании в присутствии аутологичных фидерных клеток, в качестве которых выступали необлученные Т-лимфоциты, активированные моноклональными антителами (МАТ).</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. В качестве источника мононуклеарных клеток человека использовали периферическую кровь и лейкоцитарно-тромбоцитарный концентрат. После выделения мононуклеарных клеток проводили активацию полученной культуры лимфоцитов с помощью сорбированных МАТ к CD3- и CD28-рецепторам. Затем осуществляли культивирование активированных лимфоцитов в присутствии ИЛ-2 + ИЛ-15, ИЛ-2 + ИЛ-15 + ИЛ-21 или только ИЛ-2, периодически оценивая прирост общего количества клеток, экспрессию поверхностных маркеров и цитотоксическую активность.</p><p><bold>Результаты</bold>. При использовании комбинации ИЛ-2 + ИЛ-15 + ИЛ-21 наблюдали наибольший прирост клеток и максимальную цитотоксичность, доля НКТ-клеток (CD3<sup>+</sup>CD56<sup>+</sup>) к концу срока культивирования также была наибольшей относительно других режимов культивирования и составила 59 %. В присутствии комбинации ИЛ-2 и ИЛ-15 определяли более низкую цитотоксичность культивируемых лимфоцитов по сравнению с другими вариантами эксперимента, что может быть связано с истощением клеточной популяции. Согласно данным литературы, добавление в культуральную среду ИЛ-21, вероятно, нивелирует данное отрицательное воздействие ИЛ-15.</p><p><bold>Заключение</bold>. С учетом динамики пролиферации, рецепторного профиля и цитотоксичности культивируемых лимфоцитов можно заключить, что комбинация цитокинов, состоящая из ИЛ-2, ИЛ-15 и ИЛ-21, является наиболее эффективной для обогащения популяции НКТ-клеток при стимуляции МАТ и в присутствии аутологичных активированных Т-лимфоцитов. Для максимально эффективного получения популяции НК-клеток требуется использование других фидерных клеток, вероятно, опухолевого происхождения, либо иных протоколов экспансии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>CAR NK cells</kwd><kwd>CAR NKT cells</kwd><kwd>CAR therapy</kwd><kwd>interleukin-21</kwd><kwd>interleukin-15</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>CAR-НК-клетки</kwd><kwd>CAR-НКТ-клетки</kwd><kwd>CAR-терапия</kwd><kwd>интерлейкин 21</kwd><kwd>интерлейкин 15</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Poorebrahim M., Abazari M.F., Sadeghi S. et al. 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