<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский биотерапевтический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9784</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1726-9792</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1523</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9784-2025-24-4-64-76</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL REPORTS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Features of expansion and immunophenotype of primary culture of human NK and NKT cells under the influence of various proliferation activators</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности экспансии и иммунофенотипа первичной культуры НК- и НКТ-клеток человека под действием различных активаторов пролиферации</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7478-8783</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorova</surname><given-names>Polina O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фёдорова</surname><given-names>П. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ppolite@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0769-1695</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chikileva</surname><given-names>Irina O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чикилева</surname><given-names>И. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ppolite@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2855-8738</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tokatly</surname><given-names>Alexandra I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Токатлы</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ppolite@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7262-2235</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Usov</surname><given-names>Anatoly I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усов</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ppolite@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2390-3776</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bilan</surname><given-names>Maria I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Билан</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ppolite@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0727-4050</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nifantiev</surname><given-names>Nikolay E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нифантьев</surname><given-names>Н. Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ppolite@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0132-167X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiselevskiy</surname><given-names>Mikhail V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселевский</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ppolite@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenovskiy University), Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Институт органической химии им. Н.Д. Зелинского» Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>64</fpage><lpage>76</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-19"><day>19</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Fedorova P.O., Chikileva I.O., Tokatly A.I., Usov A.I., Bilan M.I., Nifantiev N.E., Kiselevskiy M.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Фёдорова П.О., Чикилева И.О., Токатлы А.И., Усов А.И., Билан М.И., Нифантьев Н.Э., Киселевский М.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Fedorova P.O., Chikileva I.O., Tokatly A.I., Usov A.I., Bilan M.I., Nifantiev N.E., Kiselevskiy M.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фёдорова П.О., Чикилева И.О., Токатлы А.И., Усов А.И., Билан М.И., Нифантьев Н.Э., Киселевский М.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1523">https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1523</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold><italic>Ex vivo</italic> expansion of natural killer (NK) and natural killer T-cells (NKT) cells is an important element in the generation of chimeric antigen receptor NK and NKT cells. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to CD (cluster of differentiation) 3 and CD28 receptors are most often used for lymphocyte expansion. Other well-studied T-cell mitogens include phytohaemagglutinin-L (L-PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA). A promising but poorly studied approach is <italic>in vitro</italic> activation of immune cells with the polysaccharide fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS) isolated from the sea cucumber <italic>Cucumaria japonica</italic>, which is able to activate immune cells and stimulate hematopoiesis.</p> <p><bold>Aim.</bold> To identify the optimal method for NK and NKT cell activation in primary lymphocyte culture. For this purpose, we tested mAbs to CD3 and CD28 receptors, L-PHA, ConA, and a combination of mAbs to CD3 and CD28 receptors and FCS.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> Peripheral blood and leukocyte-platelet concentrate were used as a source of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). After isolation of PBMC, they were activated using adsorbed mAbs to CD3 and CD28 receptors, L-PHA, ConA, or a mAbs + FCS combination. Then, lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of IL-2, periodically assessing the increase in the total number of cells, expression of surface markers, and cytotoxic activity.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> It was shown that L-PHA best stimulated the expansion of T lymphocytes (CD3<sup>+</sup>CD56<sup>–</sup>) and NK cells (CD3<sup>–</sup>CD56<sup>+</sup>) relative to other activation modes. Under the influence of ConA, the division of CD3<sup>+</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup> lymphocytes was significantly activated. When comparing the activation of cells under the influence of MAT relative to L-PHA and ConA, the most pronounced increase in the CD3<sup>+</sup>CD56<sup>+</sup> population was observed. The addition of FCS during MAT stimulation led to an increase in lymphocyte proliferation.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Thus, among the presented methods of PBMC activation for stimulating the expansion of NK and NKT cells, the most preferable was the MAT + FCS activation method, since it resulted in the greatest increase in the total number of cells with a maximum proportion of CD56<sup>+</sup> lymphocytes, amounting to 58.9% by the end of the culturing period.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Экспансия натуральных киллеров (НК) и натуральных киллеров Т-клеток (НКТ-клеток) <italic>ex vivo</italic> является важной задачей при создании химерного рецептора антигена НК- и НКТ-клеток. Наиболее часто для экспансии лимфоцитов используют моноклональные антитела (МАТ) к CD (cluster of differentiation) 3- и CD28-рецепторам. Другими хорошо изученными Т-клеточными митогенами являются L-фитогемагглютинин (L-PHA) и конканавалин А (Con-A). Перспективным, но малоизученным подходом представляется <italic>in vitro</italic> активация иммунных клеток полисахаридом фукозилированным хондроитинсульфатом (FCS), который выделен из морского огурца <italic>Cucumaria japonica</italic> и способен активировать иммунные клетки и стимулировать гемопоэз.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – выявление оптимального способа активации НК- и НКТ-клеток в первичной культуре мононуклеарных клеток (МНК): МАТ к CD3- и CD28-рецепторам, L-PHA, Con-A, а также комбинации МАТ к CD3- и CD28-рецепторам и FCS.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В качестве источника МНК человека использовали периферическую кровь и лейкоцитарно-тромбоцитарный концентрат. После выделения МНК проводили их активацию с помощью сорбированных МАТ к CD3- и CD28-рецепторам, L-PHA, Con-A или комбинации МАТ + FCS. Затем осуществляли культивирование лимфоцитов в присутствии интерлейкина 2, периодически оценивая прирост общего количества клеток, экспрессию поверхностных маркеров и цитотоксическую активность.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Было показано, что L-PHA наиболее эффективно стимулировал деление Т-лимфоцитов (CD3<sup>+</sup>CD56<sup>–</sup>) и НК-клеток (CD3<sup>–</sup>CD56<sup>+</sup>) относительно других режимов активации: доля клеток данных популяций после активации L-PHA была наибольшей. Con-A значительно стимулировал деление Т-хелперов (CD3<sup>+</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup>). При сравнении активации клеток под воздействием МАТ относительно L-PHA и Con-A наблюдался наибольший прирост количества НКТ-клеток (CD3<sup>+</sup>CD56<sup>+</sup>). Добавление FCS при стимуляции МАТ приводило к увеличению пролиферации лимфоцитов.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Таким образом, среди представленных способов активации МНК для стимуляции деления НК- и НКТ-клеток наиболее предпочтительным являлся способ активации МАТ + FCS, поскольку при этом наблюдался наибольший прирост общего количества клеток при максимальной доле CD56<sup>+</sup>-лимфоцитов, составляющей 58,9 % к концу срока культивирования.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>natural killer cells with chimeric antigen receptor</kwd><kwd>natural killer T-cells with chimeric antigen receptor</kwd><kwd>phytohaemagglutinin-l</kwd><kwd>concanavalin A</kwd><kwd>fucosylated chondroitin sulfate</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>натуральные киллеры с химерным антигенным рецептором</kwd><kwd>натуральные киллеры Т-клетки с химерным антигенным рецептором</kwd><kwd>L-фитогемагглютинин</kwd><kwd>конканавалин А</kwd><kwd>фукозилированный хондроитинсульфат</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>19-73-30017-П</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was fi nancially supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 19-73-30017-P).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант № 19-73-30017-П).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borobova E.A., Zheravin A.A. Natural killer cells in immunotherapy for cancer. Sibirskiy onkologicheskiy zhurnal = Siberian Journal of Oncology 2018;17(6):97–104. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21294/1814-4861-2018-17-6-97-104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боробова Е.А., Жеравин А.А. Натуральные киллеры в иммунотерапии онкологических заболеваний. Сибирский онкологический журнал 2018;17(6):97–104. DOI: 10.21294/1814-4861-2018-17-6-97-104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Wik J.A., Skålhegg B.S. T cell metabolism in infection. Front Immunol 2022;13:840610. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840610</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Rafiq S., Hackett C.S., Brentjens R.J. Engineering strategies to overcome the current roadblocks in CAR T cell therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020;17:147–67. DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0297-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Liu E., Marin D., Banerjee P. et al. Use of CAR-transduced natural killer cells in CD19-positive lymphoid tumors. N Engl J Med 2020;382:545–53. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1910607</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Simonetta F., Lohmeyer J.K., Hirai T. et al. Allogeneic CAR invariant natural killer T cells exert potent antitumor effects through host CD8 T-cell cross-priming. Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(21):6054–64. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-21-1329</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Huang J., Yang Q., Wang W. et al. CAR products from novel sources: a new avenue for the breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024;15:1378739. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1378739</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Wolf B.J., Choi J.E., Exley M.A. Novel approaches to exploiting invariant NKT cells in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2018;9:384. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00384</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Basar R., Daher M., Rezvani K. Next-generation cell therapies: The emerging role of CAR-NK cells. Blood Adv 2020;4(22):5868–76. DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002547</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Berrien-Elliott M.M., Jacobs M.T., Fehniger T.A. Allogeneic natural killer cell therapy. Blood 2023;141(8):856–68. DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016200</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Rölle A., Pollmann J., Ewen E. et al. IL-12- producing monocytes and HLA-E control HCMV-driven NKG2C+ NK cell expansion. J Clin Invest 2014;124:5305–16. DOI: 10.1172/JCI77440</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Granzin M., Wagner J., Köhl U. et al. Shaping of natural killer cell antitumor activity by ex vivo cultivation. Front Immunol 2017;8:458. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00458</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Wrona E., Borowiec M., Potemski P. CAR-NK cells in the treatment of solid tumors. Int. J Mol Sci 2021;22:5899. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115899</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Pernold C.P.S., Lagumdzic E., Stadler M. et al. Species comparison: human and minipig PBMC reactivity under the influence of immunomodulating compounds in vitro. Front Immunol 2024;14:1327776. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327776</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Gulden G., Sert B., Teymur T. et al. CAR-T cells with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) provide anti-cancer capacity with better proliferation, rejuvenated effector memory, and reduced exhausted T cell frequencies. Vaccines (Basel) 2023;11(2):313. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020313</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Yang J., Xie W., Yu K. et al. Methyl butyrate attenuates concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis by inhibiting Th1-cell activation and homing to the liver. Cell Immunol 2022;378:104575. DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104575</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Kay J.E. Mechanisms of T lymphocyte activation. Immunol Lett 1991;29(1-2):51–4. DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(91)90198-j</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Ustyuzhanina N.E., Bilan M.I., Dmitrenok A.S. et al. Structure and biological activity of a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from the sea cucumber Cucumaria japonica. Glycobiology 2016;26(5):449–59. DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv119</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Anisimova N., Ustyuzhanina N., Bilan M. et al. Fucoidan and fucosylated chondroitin sulfate stimulate hematopoiesis in cyclophosphamide-induced mice. Mar Drugs 2017;15(10):301. DOI: 10.3390/md15100301</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Ustyuzhanina N.E., Anisimova N.Y., Bilan M.I. et al. Chondroitin sulfate and fucosylated chondroitin sulfate as stimulators of hematopoiesis. Pharmaceuticals 2021;14(11):1074. DOI: 10.3390/ph14111074</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Kiselevskiy M.V., Anisimova N.Yu., Ustyuzhanina N.E. et al. Perspectives for the use of fucoidans in clinical oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23(19):11821. DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911821</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Ustyuzhanina N.E., Bilan M.I., Anisimova N.Yu. et al. Fucosylated chondroitin sulfates with rare disaccharide branches from the sea cucumbers Psolus peronii and Holothuria nobilis: structures and influence on hematopoiesis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023;16(12):1673. DOI: 10.3390/ph16121673</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Chikileva I.O., Bruter A.V., Persiyantseva N.A. et al. Anti-cancer potential of transiently transfected HER2-specific human mixed CAR-T and NK cell populations in experimental models; initial studies on fucosylated chondroitin sulfate usage for safer treatment. Biomedicines 2023;11(9):2563. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092563</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Schmidt D., Ebrahimabadi S., Gomes K.R.S. et al. Engineering CAR-NK cells: how to tune innate killer cells for cancer immunotherapy. Immunother Adv 2022;2(1):ltac003. DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltac003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Ustyuzhanina N.E., Bilan M.I., Anisimova N.Yu. et al. Depolymerization of a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from the sea cucumber Cucumaria japonica: structure and biological activity of the product. Carbohydr Polym 2022;281:119072. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119072</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Ustyuzhanina N.E., Fomitskaya P.A., Gerbst A.G. et al. Synthesis of the oligosaccharides related to branching sites of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from sea cucumbers. Mar Drugs 2015;13(2):770–87. DOI: 10.3390/md13020770</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Vinnitskiy D.Z., Ustyuzhanina N.E., Dmitrenok A.S. et al. Synthesis and NMR analysis of model compounds related to fucosylated chondroitin sulfates: GalNAc and Fuc(1→6)GalNAc derivatives. Carbohydr Res 2017;438:9–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.11.015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Gambaryan A.S., Tuzikov A.B., Byramova N.E. et al. Human influenza virus recognition of sialo-sugar determinants probed using a panel of sialooligosaccharides. FEBS Lett 1995;366(1):57–60. DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00488-U</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
