<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский биотерапевтический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9784</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1726-9792</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1517</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9784-2025-24-1-46-56</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Prospects for the creation of a liposomal gemcitabine delivery system</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Перспективы создания липосомальной системы доставки гемцитабина</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5671-1923</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Oborotov</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оборотов</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Grigory Alexandrovich Oborotov</p><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522; Bld. 8, 2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119048</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Григорий Александрович Оборотов</p><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24; 119048 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><email>oborot-off@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6740-5692</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitrieva</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитриева</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria V. Dmitrieva</p><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9388-1019</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolpaksidi</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колпаксиди</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandr P. Kolpaksidi</p><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0777-0422</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shceglov</surname><given-names>S. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щеглов</surname><given-names>С. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stepan D. Shceglov</p><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522; Bld. 8, 2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119048</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24; 119048 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7242-2988</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasniuk</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краснюк</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan I. Krasniuk</p><p>Bld. 8, 2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119048</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>119048 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>46</fpage><lpage>56</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-16"><day>16</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-16"><day>16</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1517">https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1517</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.</bold> Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of drug treatment for malignant neoplasms, but its effectiveness is often limited by the development of drug resistance, low selectivity, and toxicity of the drugs used. Gemcitabine therapy, one of the most commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs, has many limitations, such as a short half-life and rapid degradation of the drug in the body. To improve the therapeutic efficacy of gemcitabine, two main strategies have been proposed – chemical modification of the compound and the creation of delivery systems based on various nanocarriers, in particular liposomes.</p><p><bold>Aim.</bold> To systematize and summarize the literature data on the prospects of developing a liposomal gemcitabine delivery system.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. The search for materials on the topic under study was carried out using the search and information and library databases PubMed, CyberLeninka, e-Library, ResearchGate. The search for publications was carried out for the period from 1997 to 2025 using keywords / phrases: “liposomes”, “liposome encapsulation”, “liposomal gemcitabine”, “liposomal gemcitabine pharmacokinetics”, etc.</p><p><bold>Results.</bold> To date, numerous models of liposomal forms of gemcitabine have been developed and are at the preclinical development stage, and only one of them, FF-10832, has reached phase I of clinical trials. According to the results of a comparative study of the traditional and nanostructured forms of gemcitabine presented in the analyzed publications, liposomal gemcitabine demonstrates a higher therapeutic effect in in vivo experiments due to increased bioavailability and targeted delivery to tumor cells. However, the main problem in creating an optimal liposomal composition of gemcitabine remains the low level of drug encapsulation in vesicles, which can be overcome by selecting a lipid composition or developing a rational loading method.</p><p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The literature data on the use of gemcitabine in the treatment of malignant neoplasms and the prospects for developing its liposomal delivery system have been systematized and summarized. It has been shown that the inclusion of gemcitabine in liposomes allows eliminating the problems associated with antitumor therapy with this drug.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Химиотерапия остается основным методом лекарственного лечения злокачественных новообразований, но ее эффективность часто ограничена развитием лекарственной резистентности, низкой селективностью и токсичностью применяемых препаратов. Терапия гемцитабином, одним из наиболее часто используемых химиотерапевтических препаратов, имеет множество ограничений, таких как короткий период полувыведения и быстрая деградация лекарственного средства в организме. Для повышения терапевтической эффективности гемцитабина были предложены две основные стратегии – химическая модификация соединения и создание систем доставки на основе различных наноносителей, в частности липосом.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – систематизировать и обобщить данные литературы о перспективах разработки липосомальной системы доставки гемцитабина.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Поиск материалов по исследуемой тематике проводили с использованием информационных и библиотечных баз данных PubMed, CyberLeninka, e-Library, ResearchGate за период с 1997 по 2025 г. по ключевым словам/словосочетаниям: «липосомы» (liposomes), «инкапсуляция в липосомы» (liposome encapsulation), «липосомальный гемцитабин» (liposomal gemcitabine), «фармакокинетика липосомального гемцитабина» (liposomal gemcitabine pharmacokinetics) и др.</p><p><bold>Результаты</bold>. К настоящему моменту разработаны многочисленные модели липосомальных форм гемцитабина, находящиеся на стадии доклинической разработки, и только одна из них, FF-10832, достигла I фазы клинических исследований. Согласно представленным в анализируемых публикациях результатам сравнительного изучения традиционной и наноструктурированной форм гемцитабина, в экспериментах in vivo липосомальный гемцитабин демонстрирует более высокий терапевтический эффект за счет увеличения биодоступности и целенаправленной доставки в опухолевые клетки. Однако основной проблемой создания оптимальной липосомальной композиции гемцитабина остается низкий уровень инкапсуляции лекарственного средства в везикулы, которая может быть преодолена подбором липидной композиции или разработкой рационального способа загрузки.</p><p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Систематизированы и обобщены данные литературы о применении гемцитабина в лечении злокачественных новообразований и перспективах разработки его липосомальной системы доставки. Показано, что включение гемцитабина в липосомы позволяет устранить проблемы, связанные с противоопухолевой терапией этим лекарственным средством.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gemcitabine</kwd><kwd>liposomes</kwd><kwd>chemotherapy</kwd><kwd>delivery system</kwd><kwd>malignant neoplasm</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гемцитабин</kwd><kwd>липосома</kwd><kwd>химиотерапия</kwd><kwd>система доставки</kwd><kwd>злокачественное новообразование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study did not have any support from outside organizations</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данное исследование не имело какой-либо поддержки от сторонних организаций</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Wu H.L., Zhou H.X., Chen L.M., Wang S.S. Metronomic chemotherapy in cancer treatment: new wine in an old bottle. Theranostics 2024;14(9):3548–64. DOI:10.7150/thno.95619</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Gao Y., Huang Y., Ren C. et al. Construction of cisplatin-18crown-6 complexes through supramolecular chemistry to improve solubility, stability, and antitumor activity. Int J Mol Sci 2024;25(24):13411. DOI:10.3390/ijms252413411</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Yousfan A., Moursel N., Hanano A. Encapsulation of paclitaxel into date palm lipid droplets for enhanced brain cancer therapy. Sci Rep 2024;14(1):32057. DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-83715-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Oun R., Moussa Y.E., Wheate N.J. The side effects of platinumbased chemotherapy drugs: a review for chemists. Dalton Trans 2018;47(19):6645–53. DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00838h</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Bukowski K., Kciuk M., Kontek R. Mechanisms of multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21(9):3233. DOI:10.3390/ijms21093233</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Shi Y., van der Meel R., Chen X., Lammers T. The EPR effect and beyond: strategies to improve tumor targeting and cancer nanomedicine treatment efficacy. Theranostics 2020;10(17):7921–4. DOI:10.7150/thno.49577</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burdaev N.I., Nikolaeva L.L., Kosenko V.V. et al. Liposomes as drug carriers: classification, preparation methods, and medicinal use. Vedomosti Nauchnogo centra jekspertizy sredstv medicinskogo primenenija. Reguljatornye issledovanija i jekspertiza lekarstvennyh sredstv = Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation 2023;13(2–1):316–32. (In Russ.). DOI:10.30895/1991-2919-2023-508</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бурдаев Н.И., Николаева Л.Л., Косенко В.В. и др. Липосомы как носители лекарственных средств: классификация, методы получения и применение. Ведомости Научного центра экспертизы средств медицинского применения. Регуляторные исследования и экспертиза лекарственных средств 2023;13(2–1):316–32. DOI: 10.30895/1991-2919-2023-508</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Shah S., Dhawan V., Holm R. et al. Liposomes: advancements and innovation in the manufacturing process. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020;154-155:102–22. DOI:10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Lu W., Yao J., Zhu X., Qi Y. Nanomedicines: redefining traditional medicine. Biomed Pharmacother 2021;134:111103. DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111103</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pokataev I.А., Lyadova М.А., Fedyanin М.Yu. et al. Toxicity and efficacy of gemcitabine plus nabpaclitaxel (paclitaxel + albumin) in a Russian patient population: results of a multicenter retrospective study. Zlokachestvennye opuholi = Malignant Tumours 2019;9(3):20–30. DOI:10.18027/2224-5057-2019-9-3-20-30</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Покатаев И.А., Лядова М.А., Федянин М.Ю.и др. Токсичность и эффективность комбинации гемцитабина и nab-паклитаксела (паклитаксел + альбумин) в Российской популяции больных раком поджелудочной железы: результаты многоцентрового ретроспективного исследования. Злокачественные опухоли 2019;9(3):20–30. DOI:10.18027/2224-5057-2019-9-3-20-30</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Beutel A.K., Halbrook C.J. Barriers and opportunities for gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer therapy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023;324(2):540–52. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00331.2022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalenko Yu.А., Kukeev I.А., Zharikov Yu.O., Paichadze А.А. Role of adjuvant drug therapy in combined treatment for cholangiocellular carcinoma. Voprosy onkologii = Problems in Oncology 2018;(2):171–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коваленко Ю.А., Кукеев И.А., Жариков Ю.О., Пайчадзе А.А. Роль адъювантной лекарственной терапии в комбинированном лечении холангиоцеллюлярного рака. Вопросы онкологии 2018;(2):171–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Heinemann V. Role of gemcitabine in the treatment of advanced and metastatic breast cancer. Oncology 2003;64(3):191–206. DOI: 10.1159/000069315</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Berg T., Nøttrup T.J., Roed H. Gemcitabine for recurrent ovarian cancer – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol 2019;155(3):530–7. DOI:10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.09.026</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Mirzaee E., Novin K., Fadavi P. et al. Intravesical gemcitabine for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer after bacillus calmetteguerin treatment failure: a prospective study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2024;25(9):3173–7. DOI:10.31557/APJCP.2024.25.9.3173</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Sandler A., Ettinger D.S. Gemcitabine: single-agent and combination therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncologist 1999;4(3):241–51. PMID: 10394591</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perevodchikova N.I. Gemcitabine (Gemzar) and its place in modern antitumor chemotherapy. Russkij medicinskij zhurnal = Russian Medical Journal 2007;25:1884.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Переводчикова Н.И. Гемцитабин (Гемзар) и его место в современной противоопухолевой химотерапии. РМЖ 2007;25:1884.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Li P.W., Luo S., Xiao L.Y. et al. A novel gemcitabine derivativeloaded liposome with great pancreas-targeting ability. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019;40(11):1448–56. DOI:10.1038/s41401-019-0227-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Mini E., Nobili S., Caciagli B. et al. Cellular pharmacology of gemcitabine. Ann Oncol 2006;17(Suppl. 5):v7–12. DOI:10.1093/annonc/mdj941</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Lansakara-P D.S., Rodriguez B.L., Cui Z. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of novel lipophilic monophosphorylated gemcitabine derivatives and their nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2012;429(1-2): 123–34. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.03.014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Ciccolini J., Serdjebi C., Peters G.J., Giovannetti E. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of Gemcitabine as a mainstay in adult and pediatric oncology: an EORTC-PAMM perspective. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016;78(1):1–12. DOI:10.1007/s00280-016-3003-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>de Sousa Cavalcante L., Monteiro G. Gemcitabine: metabolism and molecular mechanisms of action, sensitivity and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2014;741:8–16. DOI:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.041</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Mackey J.R., Mani R.S., Selner M. et al. Functional nucleoside transporters are required for gemcitabine influx and manifestation of toxicity in cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 1998;58(19):4349–57. PMID:9766663</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Derissen E.J.B., Beijnen J.H. Intracellular pharmacokinetics of pyrimidine analogues used in oncology and the correlation with drug action. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020;59(12):1521–50. DOI:10.1007/s40262-020-00934-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Peters G.J., Clavel M., Noordhuis P. et al. Clinical phase I and pharmacology study of gemcitabine (2’,2’-difluorodeoxycytidine) administered in a two-weekly schedule. J Chemother 2007;19(2): 212–21. DOI:10.1179/joc.2007.19.2.212</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gemcitabine. URL: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/ Gemcitabine.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gemcitabine. URL: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Gemcitabine.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">State Register of Medicines. URL: https://grls.minzdrav.gov.ru/default.aspx.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Государственный реестр лекарственных средств. URL: https://grls.minzdrav.gov.ru/default.aspx.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Burris H.A. 3rd, Moore M.J., Andersen J. et al. Improvements in survival and clinical benefit with gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with advanced pancreas cancer: a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 1997;15(6):2403–13. DOI:10.1200/JCO.1997.15.6.2403</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Wei M.Y., Zhuang Y.F., Wang W.M. Gemcitabine for the treatment of patients with osteosarcoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014;15(17):7159–62. DOI:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.17.7159</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Sabat C., Ginestet C., Chassagnon G. Gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel induced interstitial pneumonia. Diagn Interv Imaging 2021;102(12):763–4. DOI:10.1016/j.diii.2021.09.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Khan M.F., Gottesman S., Boyella R., Juneman E. Gemcitabineinduced cardiomyopathy: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2014;8:220. DOI:10.1186/1752-1947-8-220</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Moysan E., Bastiat G., Benoit J.P. Gemcitabine versus modified gemcitabine: a review of several promising chemical modifications. Mol Pharm 2013;10(2):430–44. DOI:10.1021/mp300370t</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Zheng H., Yang F. Gemcitabine in treating patients with refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014;15(21):9291–3. DOI:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.21.9291</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Björn N., Jakobsen I., Udagawa C. et al. The association of four genetic variants with myelosuppression in gemcitabinetreated Japanese is not evident in gemcitabine/carboplatin-treated Swedes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2022;130(4):513–21. DOI:10.1111/bcpt.13712</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Dora C.P., Kushwah V., Yadav V. et al. Gemcitabinephospholipid complex loaded lipid nanoparticles for improving drug loading, stability, and efficacy against pancreatic cancer. Mol Pharm 2024;21(6):2699–712. DOI:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00983</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Wang M., Cai R., Zhang Z. et al. NIR-responsive CN-Pt-GEM hydrogel induces necroptosis and immunotherapeutic responses prevent postoperative recurrence and wound infection in lung carcinoma. J Nanobiotechnology 2024;22(1):355. DOI:10.1186/s12951-024-02568-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Kim B., Park H., Liu H. et al. Hybrid nanoparticles of extracellular vesicles and gemcitabine prodrug-loaded liposomes with enhanced targeting ability for effective pdac treatment. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2024;7(9):6025–33. DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00658</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Xu H., Paxton J., Lim J. et al. Development of high-content gemcitabine PEGylated liposomes and their cytotoxicity on drugresistant pancreatic tumour cells. Pharm Res. 2014;31(10):2583–92. DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1353-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Tamam H., Park J., Gadalla H.H. et al. Development of liposomal gemcitabine with high drug loading capacity. Mol Pharm 2019;16(7):2858–71. DOI:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01284</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Levine M., Skolnik A.B., Ruha A.M. et al. Complications following antidotal use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy. J Med Toxicol 2014;10(1):10–4. DOI:10.1007/s13181-013-0356-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Tucci S.T., Kheirolomoom A., Ingham E.S. et al. Tumor-specific delivery of gemcitabine with activatable liposomes. J Control Release 2019;309:277–88. DOI:10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.07.014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang X.J., Jiang X.Y., Ma Y.L. et al. Encapsulating taurine into liposomes: A promising therapeutic for liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2024;30(41):4509–13. DOI:10.3748/wjg.v30.i41.4509</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Large D.E., Abdelmessih R.G., Fink E.A., Auguste D.T. Liposome composition in drug delivery design, synthesis, characterization, and clinical application. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021;176:113851. DOI:10.1016/j.addr.2021.113851</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Tang M., Yarragudi S.B., Pan P. et al. Effect of size and pH-sensitivity of liposomes on cellular uptake pathways and pharmacokinetics of encapsulated gemcitabine. J Liposome Res 2025;35(1):44–54. DOI:10.1080/08982104.2024.2389969</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Aparicio-Lopez C.B., Timmerman S., Lorino G. et al. thermosensitive liposomes for gemcitabine delivery to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024;16(17):3048. DOI:10.3390/cancers16173048</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Kim D.H., Im B.N., Hwang H.S., Na K. Gemcitabine-loaded DSPE-PEG-PheoA liposome as a photomediated immune modulator for cholangiocarcinoma treatment. Biomaterials 2018;183:139–50. DOI:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.052</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Tang Z., Feng W., Yang Y., Wang Q. Gemcitabine-loaded RGD modified liposome for ovarian cancer: preparation, characterization and pharmacodynamic studies. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019;13:3281–90. DOI:10.2147/DDDT.S211168</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Zheng Z., Li M., Yang J. et al. Growth inhibition of pancreatic cancer by targeted delivery of gemcitabine via fucoidan-coated pH-sensitive liposomes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024;277(Pt 3):134517. DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134517</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Affram K., Udofot O., Singh M. et al. Smart thermosensitive liposomes for effective solid tumor therapy and in vivo imaging. PLoS One 2017;12(9):e0185116. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0185116</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Gandhi M., Pandya T., Gandhi R. et al. Inhalable liposomal dry powder of gemcitabine-HCl: Formulation, in vitro characterization and in vivo studies. Int J Pharm 2015;496(2):886–95. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Liu Y., Tamam H., Yeo Y. Mixed liposome approach for ratiometric and sequential delivery of paclitaxel and gemcitabine. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018;19(2):693–9. DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0877-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inhalation therapy. Ed. by S.N. Avdeev, V.V. Archipov. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2022; 318 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ингаляционная терапия. Под. ред. С.Н. Авдеева, В.В. Архипова. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2022; 318 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ignatova GL, Belevsky AS. Modern methods of inhaled drug delivery in the treatment of bronchobstructive diseases. Astma i allergija = Asthma &amp; Allergy 2018;2:21–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Игнатова Г.Л., Белевский А.С. Современные способы ингаляционной доставки лекарств при лечении бронхообструктивных заболеваний. Астма и аллергия 2018;2:21–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Zucker D., Marcus D., Barenholz Y., Goldblum A. Liposome drugs’ loading efficiency: a working model based on loading conditions and drug’s physicochemical properties. J Control Release 2009;139(1):73–80. DOI:10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.05.036</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Omar M.M., Hasan O.A., Zaki R.M., Eleraky N.E. Externally triggered novel rapid-release sonosensitive folate-modified liposomes for gemcitabine: development and characteristics. Int J Nanomedicine 2021;16:683–700. DOI:10.2147/IJN.S266676</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Liu J., Han Y., Zhao M. et al. Unlocking the power of immunotherapy: Combinatorial delivery of plasmid IL-15 and gemcitabine to synergistically remodeling the tumor microenvironment. Int J Pharm 2024;655:124027. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124027</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>A phase 1 dose-escalation study of FF-10832 for treatment of solid tumors including biliary tract cancer. URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03440450?term=liposomal%20gemcitabine&amp;page=9&amp;rank=87.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Higuchi T., Yokobori T., Takahashi R. et al. FF-10832 enables long survival via effective gemcitabine accumulation in a lethal murine peritoneal dissemination model. Cancer Sci 2019;110(9):2933–40. DOI: 10.1111/cas.14123</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Matsumoto T., Komori T., Yoshino Y. et al. A liposomal gemcitabine, FF-10832, improves plasma stability, tumor targeting, and antitumor efficacy of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer xenograft models. Pharm Res 2021;38(6):1093–106. DOI:10.1007/s11095-021-03045-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Shin D.H., Koo M.J., Kim J.S. Herceptin-conjugated temperaturesensitive immunoliposomes encapsulating gemcitabine for breast cancer. Arch Pharm Res 2016;39(3):350–8. DOI:10.1007/s12272-016-0707-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Tang H., Zhang Z., Zhu M. et al. Efficient delivery of gemcitabine by estrogen receptor-targeted pegylated liposome and its anti-lung cancer activity in vivo and in vitro. Pharmaceutics 2023;15(3):988. DOI:10.3390/pharmaceutics15030988</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Celano M., Calvagno M.G., Bulotta S. et al. Cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine-loaded liposomes in human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 2004;4:63. DOI:10.1186/1471-2407-4-63</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Borazanci E.H., Janku F., Hamilton E.P. et al. A phase 1, first-in-human, dose-escalation and biomarker trial of liposomal gemcitabine (FF-10832) in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2022;40(16):3097. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2022.40.16_suppl.3097</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Langer C.J., Curti B.D., Farber C.M. et al. A phase 2a safety run-in and preliminary efficacy study of liposomal gemcitabine (FF-10832) in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2024;42(Suppl. 16): 2615. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.2615</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
