Russian Journal of BiotherapyRussian Journal of BiotherapyРоссийский биотерапевтический журнал1726-97841726-9792Publishing House ABV Press149110.17650/1726-9784-2024-23-4-10-21REVIEWОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫMicrobiota in cancer diagnosis, therapy and preventionМикробиота в диагностике, терапии и профилактике ракаhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4443-8376SolenovaL. G.СоленоваЛ. Г.
Russian Federation

Liya G. Solenova

24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522

Лия Геннадьевна Соленова

115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24

lsolenova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4224-6303RyzhovaN. I.РыжоваН. И.
Russian Federation

Natalia I. Ryzhova

24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522

115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3167-7204BelitskyG. A.БелицкийГ. А.
Russian Federation

Gennady A. Belitsky

24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522

115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3482-8954AntonovaI. A.АнтоноваИ. А.
Russian Federation

Irina A. Antonova

24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522

115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8599-6833KirsanovK. I.КирсановК. И.
Russian Federation

Kirill I. Kirsanov

24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522; 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198

115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24; 117198 Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9710-8178YakubovskayaM. G.ЯкубовскаяМ. Г.
Russian Federation

Kirill I. Kirsanov

24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522; 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198

115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24; 117198 Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6

N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of RussiaФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава РоссииPatrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of RussiaФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов им. Патриса Лумумбы»1912202423410211912202419122024https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1491

Background. An in-depth study of the participation of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of tumors has opened up new opportunities for the development of alternative approaches to the diagnosis, therapy and prevention of malignant neoplasms.

Aim. To summarize the data on the practical use of microbiota profile features as a marker of carcinogenesis and diagnosis, as well as to consider its participation in the combined treatment and prevention of cancer.

Materials and methods. A literature search was carried out in the databases NCBI MedLine (PubMed), Scopus, web of Science using keywords that determine the purpose of the study. Results from original studies, meta-analyses, randomized controlled clinical trials, and traditional, systematic, and umbrella reviews published in recent years were analysed.

Results. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the composition of the microbiota associated with the pathogenesis of oncological diseases make it possible to use them as markers for determining the risk of developing malignant neoplasms and predicting a wide range of tumors. The mechanisms that determine the use of the microbiota in anticancer therapy are diverse. The effect on the immune system is the most significant. Of great interest are artificially created hybrid nanoparticles covered with a membrane of bacterial vesicles and tumor cells to activate specific antitumor immunity. In terms of cancer prevention, the use of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics discovered by I.I. Mechnikov was fundamentally substantiated.

Conclusion. The complex of scientific genomic and epigenetic data obtained in mechanistic and epidemiological studies on the role of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of tumors is currently evaluated as the most significant result justifying its practical application as a component of cancer diagnosis, therapy and prevention.

Введение. Углубленное изучение участия микробиоты в патогенезе опухолей открыло новые возможности для разработки альтернативных подходов к диагностике, терапии и профилактике злокачественных новообразований.

Цель исследования – обобщить данные практического использования особенностей профиля микробиоты в качестве маркера канцерогенеза и диагностики, а также рассмотреть ее участие в комбинированном лечении и профилактике рака.

Материалы и методы. Проведен поиск литературы по базам данных NCBI MedLine (PubMed), Scopus, web of Science с использованием ключевых слов, определяющих цель исследования. Анализировали результаты оригинальных исследований, метаанализов, рандомизированных контролируемых клинических исследований, рассматривали традиционные, систематические и зонтичные обзоры, опубликованные в последние годы.

Результаты. Качественные и количественные изменения состава микробиоты, связанные с патогенезом онкологических заболеваний, дают возможность их использования в качестве маркеров для определения риска злокачественных новообразований и прогноза широкого спектра опухолей. Механизмы, определяющие использование микробиоты в противоопухолевой терапии, разнообразны. Действие на иммунную систему является наиболее значимым. Большой интерес представляют искусственно создаваемые гибридные наночастицы, покрытые мембраной бактериальных везикул и опухолевых клеток для активации специфического противоопухолевого иммунитета. Для профилактики рака фундаментальное обоснование получило использование про-, преи синбиотиков, открытых И.И. Мечниковым.

Заключение. Комплекс научных геномных и эпигенетических данных, полученных в механистических и эпидемиологических исследованиях, посвященных роли микробиоты в патогенезе опухолей, в настоящее время оценивается как наиболее значимый результат, обосновывающий ее практическое применение в качестве компонента диагностики, терапии и профилактики рака.

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