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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский биотерапевтический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9784</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1726-9792</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1468</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9784-2024-23-3-10-17</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer on prognosis and treatment</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние опухолевого микроокружения рака молочной железы на прогноз и лечение</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4460-9136</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Titov</surname><given-names>K. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титов</surname><given-names>К. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><!--StartFragment --></p><p>Konstantin SergeevichTitov</p><p>5, 2nd Botkinsky Proezd, Moscow 125284</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Константин Сергеевич Титов</p><p>125284 Москва, 2-й Боткинский проезд, 5</p><p>117198 Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6</p></bio><email>ks-titov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4412-5019</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chulkova</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чулкова</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana V. Chulkova</p><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p><p>1A Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117513</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p><p>117513 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1А</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2347-4615</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zapirov</surname><given-names>H. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Запиров</surname><given-names>Г. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Hajimurad M. Zapirov</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117198 Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4698-7184</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lorie</surname><given-names>Z. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лорие</surname><given-names>З. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zoya V. Lorie</p><p>5, 2nd Botkinsky Proezd, Moscow 125284</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125284 Москва, 2-й Боткинский проезд, 5</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0132-167X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiselevskiy</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселевский</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail V. Kiselevskiy</p><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">S.P. Botkin Moscow Multidisciplinary Scientific and Clinical Center, Moscow Healthcare Department</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Московский многопрофильный научно-клинический центр им. С. П. Боткина Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов им. Патриса Лумумбы»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-10-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>10</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-03"><day>03</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-10-03"><day>03</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1468">https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1468</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>According to world Health Organization, breast cancer (BC) ranks first among cancer diseases in women in many developed countries of the world and in the Russian Federation. Over the past 20 years, the incidence of breast cancer in the world has increased and continues to increase. This phenomenon dictates the need for a more in-depth molecular biological, genetic and immunological study of the mechanisms of development and progression of this heterogeneous malignant tumor.</p><p>Recently, there has been increasing interest in the world not on lyin the direct causes of tumor development, but also in factors contributing to its progression, such as the cellular microenvironment of the tumor, the composition of which has a great influence on cancer development, treatment and prognosis. In the cellular microenvironment of the tumor, mononuclear cells are assessed, the proportion of which determines the severity and direction of the immuneresponse. Their importance for choosing the priority type of drug therapy and assessing its effectiveness is shown. The article provide scurrent data on subpopulations of T cells (CD8<sup>+</sup>, CD4<sup>+</sup>), B cells (CD20<sup>+</sup>), and natural killer. Their role in the development and progression of breast cancer is discussed depending on their phenotype. Modern research pays attention to a minor subpopulation of T lymphocytes – TCR-Vδ1<sup>+</sup> cells. This subpopulation is represented predominantly in tumor tissue and has an immunosuppressive effect on T-effectors. At the present stage, inflammatory cells – macrophages and neutrophils – are of no less interest. Their role in tumor progression is widely debated. It is known that the differentiation of macrophages into M1 or M2 phenotypes is determined by the tumor microenvironment. The predominance of macrophages with protumor activity promotes tumor progression and cancer metastasis. Additionally, macrophages can stimulate the migration of neutrophils, which, in turn, support the metastasis of breast cancer through the production of matrix metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 has been reported to promote the formation of vascular endothelial growth factor, which explains the protumor properties of neutrophils. In the context of growing tumor immunotherapy, assessment of tumor microenvironmental factors is promising both in relation to monitoring the effectiveness of breast cancer therapy and in relation to the search for potential therapeutic targets. The review systematizes and summarizes information on this issue to date.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>По данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения, рак молочной железы(РМЖ) занимает 1-е место среди онкологических заболеваний у женщин как во многих развитых странах, так и в Российской Федерации. За последние 20 лет заболеваемость РМЖ в мире выросла и продолжает увеличиваться. Данное явление диктует необходимость более глубокого молекулярно-биологического, генетического и иммунологического изучения механизмов развития и прогрессии данной гетерогенной злокачественной опухоли. В последнее время возрастает исследовательский интерес не только к непосредственным причинам развития опухолей, но и к факторам, способствующим их прогрессии, таким как клеточное микроокружение опухоли, состав которого оказывает большое влияние на развитие рака, лечение и прогноз заболевания. В составе клеточного микроокружения опухоли оцениваются мононуклеарные клетки, пропорция которых определяет выраженность и направленность иммунного ответа. Показано их значение для выбора приоритетного вида лекарственной терапии и оценки ее эффективности. В статье приведены актуальные данные по субпопуляциям Т-клеток (CD8<sup>+</sup>, CD4<sup>+</sup>), B-клеток (CD20<sup>+</sup>), натуральных киллеров. Обсуждается их роль в развитии и прогрессии РМЖ в зависимости от их фенотипа. Современные исследования уделяют внимание минорной субпопуляции Т-лимфоцитов – ТCR-Vδ1<sup>+</sup> клеткам. Эта субпопуляция представлена преимущественно в опухолевой ткани и оказывает иммуносупрессивное влияние на Т-эффекторы.</p><p>Не меньшее внимание исследователей вызывают клетки воспаления – макрофаги и нейтрофилы. Их роль в прогрессировании опухоли широко обсуждается. Известно, что дифференцировка макрофагов в фенотипы M1 или M2 определяется микросредой опухоли. Преобладание макрофагов с проопухолевой активностью способствует опухолевой прогрессии и метастазированию рака. Дополнительно макрофаги могут стимулировать миграцию нейтрофилов, которые, в свою очередь, посредством продукции матриксных металлопротеиназ поддерживают метастазирование РМЖ. Сообщается, что матриксная металлопротеиназа 9 способствует образованию васкулоэндотелиального фактора роста, что объясняет проопухолевые свойства нейтрофилов. В контексте набирающей обороты иммунотерапии опухолей оценка факторов опухолевого микроокружения является перспективной как в отношении мониторинга эффективности терапии РМЖ, так и в отношении поиска потенциальных терапевтических мишеней. В обзоре систематизированы и обобщены сведения по данной проблематике на настоящий момент.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>breast cancer</kwd><kwd>cellular microenvironment</kwd><kwd>prognosis</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак молочной железы</kwd><kwd>клеточное микроокружение</kwd><kwd>прогноз</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Crabtree J.S., Miele L. Breast cancer stem cells. Biomedicines 2018;6(3):77. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6030077</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Titov K.S., Oganesyan A.P., Rotin D.L. et al. 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