Russian Journal of BiotherapyRussian Journal of BiotherapyРоссийский биотерапевтический журнал1726-97841726-9792Publishing House ABV Press132410.17650/1726-9784-2022-21-2-19-32REVIEWSОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫModern antiviral biomedical cell products and their applications for COVID-19 therapyСовременные противовирусные биомедицинские клеточные продукты и перспективы их применения в терапии COVID-19https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0769-1695ChikilevaI. O.ЧикилеваИ. О.
Russian Federation

Irina Olegovna Chikileva

24, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478

Ирина Олеговна Чикилева

115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24

irinatchikileva@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9374-3158ShubinaI. Zh.ШубинаИ. Ж.
Russian Federation

Irina Zh. Shubina

24, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478

115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0132-167XKiselevskiyM. V.КиселевскийМ. В.
Russian Federation

Mikhail V. Kiselevskiy

24, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478

115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24

N. N. Blokhin National Medical Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of RussiaФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России2607202221219322607202226072022https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1324

Several types of COVID-19 vaccines have been developed in a short period of time. However, the groups at risk of severe COVID-19 (the elderly, people with suppressed immunity, such as oncological patients, or organ transplantation patients) are the least likely to develop an adequate immune response to vaccination. Therefore, in order to obtain protective reactions in these groups, it is advisable to use such biomedical cell products (BMCP) as dendritic cell (DC) based vaccines loaded with SARS-CoV-2 antigens ex vivo under optimal conditions. In some cases, when vaccination has not been carried out in a timely manner and the risk of a serious disease is high, it is worth-while to take immediate measures to protect the body from the virus that has infected the organism.

For this protective action lymphocytes with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) may be suitable. Such receptors recognize antigens using modified antibody domains, without need for presentation within molecules of major histocompatibility complex. Therefore, it is possible to use donor effector CAR lymphocytes, which were prepared in advance, for emergency needs. CAR lymphocytes are currently used primarily for tumor therapy. Until 2020, there was limited research on antiviral CAR lymphocytes. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic intensification of such activities. DCs, which are considered to be the most effective antigen-presenting cells, were also originally used as anti-tumor vaccines. The safety of DC vaccines, their high effectiveness in the presentation of target antigens quickly led researchers to try using DCs also as a therapeutic agent for chronic viral diseases such as hepatitis B and C, human immunodeficiecy virus.

This review summarizes the data on antiviral BMCPs that have been developed so far, with a particular focus on products against COVID-19. It discusses how the results of previous studies can be used to increase the efficiency of anti-COVID-19 BMCP.

За короткий промежуток времени было разработано несколько типов вакцин против COVID-19. Однако именно группы риска по тяжелому течению COVID-19 (пожилые люди, лица с подавленным иммунитетом, такие как онкологические пациенты или пациенты после пересадки органов) хуже всего развивают адекватный иммунный ответ на вакцинацию. Поэтому для получения защитных реакций у данных групп следует применять вакцины на основе таких биомедицинских клеточных продуктов (БМКП), как дендритные клетки (ДК), нагруженные антигенами SARS-CoV-2 ex vivo в оптимальных условиях. В некоторых случаях, когда вакцинация не была проведена своевременно, а риск тяжелого заболевания велик, целесообразно немедленно предпринять меры для защиты организма от вируса, инфицировавшего организм.

Для подобного протективного действия могут использоваться другие БМКП – лимфоциты с химерным рецептором антигенов (chimeric antigen receptors, CAR). Такие рецепторы распознают антигены при помощи модифицированных доменов антител, то есть вне контекста молекул главного комплекса гистосовместимости. Поэтому возможно применение для экстренных нужд донорских эффекторных CAR-лимфоцитов, которые были заготовлены заранее. CAR-лимфоциты в настоящее время используются главным образом для противоопухолевой терапии. До 2020 г. велось достаточно ограниченное количество исследований противовирусных CAR-лимфоцитов. Однако пандемия COVID-19 привела к резкой интенсификации подобных работ. ДК, которые считаются наиболее эффективными антигенпрезентирующими клетками, тоже первоначально использовались в качестве противоопухолевых вакцин. Безопасность ДК-вакцин, их высокая эффективность в случае присутствия целевого антигена достаточно быстро привели к тому, что экспериментаторы стали пытаться применять ДК также в качестве терапевтического агента при хронических вирусных заболеваниях типа гепатитов B и C, вирусе иммунодефицита человека.

В настоящем обзоре суммируются данные о противовирусных БМКП, которые были разработаны к настоящему времени, особое внимание уделяется продуктам против COVID-19. Обсуждается, каким образом результаты предыдущих исследований могут быть применены для увеличения эффективности БМКП, направленных против COVID-19.

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