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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский биотерапевтический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9784</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1726-9792</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1276</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9784-2021-20-4-33-41</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of a new <italic>ALK</italic> isoform in the diagnosis and targeted therapy of skin melanoma</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль новой изоформы <italic>ALK</italic> в диагностике и таргетной терапии меланомы кожи</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4460-9136</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Titov</surname><given-names>K. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титов</surname><given-names>К. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>86 Entuziastov Shosse, Moscow 111123Bld. 3, 21 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>111123 Москва, шоссе Энтузиастов, 86117198 Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 21, корп. 3</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9180-9264</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Markin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маркин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander Andreevich Markin</p><p>86 Entuziastov Shosse, Moscow 111123</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Андреевич Маркин</p><p>111123 Москва, шоссе Энтузиастов, 86</p></bio><email>markinalexander1993@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9534-2729</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazakov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казаков</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4412-5019</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chulkova</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чулкова</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 1154781a Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117997</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1а</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow Healthcare Department</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Московский клинический научный центр им. А. С. Логинова Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГAOУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>41</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-12-01"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-12-01"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1276">https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1276</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Contemporary discoveries of fundamental science in recent decades in the field of oncology have led to the emergence of new highly effective anticancer drugs: targeted drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors, use of which has made a breakthrough in the treatment of oncological diseases, including skin melanoma. Melanoma is still one of the most cancerous tumors. The number of patients resistant to targeted therapy and immunotherapy increases in the world every year. Oncologists have practically no leverage to influence the disease after the development of resistance to this type of therapy. In this regard, scientists around the world are looking for new application points for targeted drugs. Nowadays, the most common treatment method is BRAF inhibitors, since the <italic>BRAF</italic> mutation is detected in 40–60 % of patients with skin melanoma. However, the resistance to BRAF inhibitor therapy occur in half cases after 6–8 months. To overcome the resistance to the target therapy is one the most important issue, the studying of new isoform of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (<italic>ALK</italic>) may help to solve this problem.</p><p>Purpose of the study – to order the data of the leading researchers of a new isoform of <italic>ALK</italic>, and reveal the most promising directions for its further progress.</p><p>In the article, there are comparisons and analyses the 6 of the largest studies over the past 5 years devoted to a new isoform of <italic>ALK</italic>.</p><p>The joint inhibition of the new <italic>ALK</italic> isoform and <italic>BRAFV600</italic> showed positive results in several studies with different levels of ALK<sup>ATI</sup> expression (alternative initiation of <italic>ALK</italic> transcription). The new <italic>ALK</italic> isoform can stimulate oncogenesis only within a certain “threshold” level of expression. Immunohistochemical examination cannot be the main method for determining the expression of a new <italic>ALK</italic> isoform due to low sensitivity. In almost all studies, tumors with ALK translocation responded to therapy with ALK inhibitors.</p><p>Even though that the role of the new <italic>ALK</italic> isoform has been studied in recent years, the optimal method for evaluating the expression of ALK<sup>ATI</sup> in routine practice has not yet been determined. Additional studies are also needed to understand the effectiveness of the use of ALК inhibitors in combination with BRAF and ERK inhibitors. Of interest is the blockade of extracellular vesicles and the study of the role of interleukin-3 in the inhibition of ALK<sup>ATI</sup>.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Открытия фундаментальной науки последних десятилетий в области онкологии привели к появлению новых высокоэффективных противоопухолевых препаратов: таргетных и ингибиторов иммунных контрольных точек, применение которых вызвало прорыв в лечении онкологических заболеваний, особенно в терапии меланомы кожи. Меланома по-прежнему остается одной из самых злокачественных опухолей. Каждый год в мире увеличивается доля пациентов, резистентных к таргетной терапии и иммунотерапии. У онкологов остается крайне мало опций лечения меланомы после развития резистентности к лекарственной терапии. На данный момент одними из самых распространенных препаратов в лечении меланомы кожи являются BRAF-/ МЕК-ингибиторы, поскольку мутация <italic>BRAF</italic> в меланоме обнаруживается у 40–60 % пациентов. Однако через 6–8 мес может возникать резистентность к данной таргетной терапии у половины таких пациентов. В связи с этим ученые всего мира ищут новые молекулярные мишени для таргетных препаратов, одним из подходов может служить ингибирование новой изоформы киназы анапластической лимфомы (<italic>ALK</italic>).</p><p>Цель исследования – систематизировать данные ведущих исследований по изучению новой изоформы <italic>АLK</italic> и определить наиболее перспективные направления ее дальнейшего изучения.</p><p>В работе проанализированы 6 наиболее крупных исследований за последние 5 лет, посвященных новой изоформе <italic>АLK</italic>.</p><p>Совместное ингибирование новой изоформы <italic>АLK</italic> и <italic>BRAFV600</italic> показало положительные результаты в нескольких исследованиях с различными уровнями экспрессии ALK<sup>ATI</sup> (альтернативная инициация транскрипции <italic>АLK</italic>). Новая изоформа <italic>АLK</italic> может стимулировать онкогенез только в пределах определенного «порогового» уровня экспрессии. Иммуногистохимическое исследование не может быть основным методом определения экспрессии новой изоформы <italic>АLK</italic> ввиду его низкой чувствительности. Практически во всех исследованиях установлено, что опухоли с транслокацией <italic>ALK</italic> отвечали на терапию ингибиторами <italic>ALK</italic>.</p><p>Несмотря на то что в последние годы активно изучается роль новой изоформы <italic>ALK</italic>, до сих пор не определен оптимальный метод оценки экспрессии ALK<sup>ATI</sup> в рутинной практике. Для понимания эффективности применения ингибиторов <italic>АLK</italic> в комбинации с BRAF- и ERK-ингибиторами необходимы дополнительные исследования. Кроме того, представляют интерес блокада способствующих развитию резистентности к терапии внеклеточных везикул и изучение роли интерлейкина 3 в ингибировании ALK<sup>ATI</sup> .</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>metastatic melanoma</kwd><kwd>targeted therapy</kwd><kwd>BRAF inhibitors</kwd><kwd><italic>ALK</italic> (anaplastic lymphoma kinase)</kwd><kwd><italic>ALK<sup>ATI</sup></italic>(alternative initiation of <italic>ALK</italic> transcription)</kwd><kwd><italic>BRAFV600</italic></kwd><kwd>drug resistance</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метастатическая меланома</kwd><kwd>таргетная терапия</kwd><kwd>ингибиторы BRAF</kwd><kwd><italic>АLK</italic> (киназа анапластической лимфомы)</kwd><kwd><italic>ALK<sup>ATI</sup></italic> (альтернативная инициация транскрипции <italic>АLK</italic>)</kwd><kwd><italic>BRAFV600</italic></kwd><kwd>лекарственная резистентность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Karimkhani C., Green A.C., Nijsten T. et al. 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