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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский биотерапевтический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9784</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1726-9792</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1274</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9784-2021-20-4-18-25</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Induction of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune reactions in immune compromised patients</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Индукция иммунного ответа на SARS-CoV-2 при иммуносупрессивных состояниях</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0421-3287</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pogodina</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Погодина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Pogodina</p><p>Bld. 2, 20 Nauchny Proezd, Moscow 117246</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина Александровна Погодина</p><p>117246 Москва, Научный пр-д, 20, стр. 2</p></bio><email>ekaterina.pogodina@exactelabs.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-5863</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lobov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лобов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bld. 2, 20 Nauchny Proezd, Moscow 117246</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117246 Москва, Научный пр-д, 20, стр. 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3481-2854</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>P. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>П. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bld. 2, 20 Nauchny Proezd, Moscow 117246</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117246 Москва, Научный пр-д, 20, стр. 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2032-6289</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazey</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казей</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bld. 2, 20 Nauchny Proezd, Moscow 117246</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117246 Москва, Научный пр-д, 20, стр. 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9374-3158</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shubina</surname><given-names>I. Zh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шубина</surname><given-names>И. Ж.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Exacte Labs LLC</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Экзактэ Лабс»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исcледовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>18</fpage><lpage>25</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-12-01"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-12-01"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1274">https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1274</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the review is studying the immune response to the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in different populations, including those with immunosuppression due to concomitant diseases or immunosuppressive therapy.</p><p>The role of T cells in building up the anti-COVID-19 immunity is of special interest, particularly, when comparing T cell and antibody based immunity. A number of studies are focused on the effectiveness of T-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as on the resistance to re-infection. The decreased immunity associated with such illnesses as autoimmune diseases, non-autoimmune inflammations, and the effect of immunosuppressive drugs and obviously, different cancers increase the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 development, and exacerbate the course of the disease.</p><p>Several studies showed that patients with cancer are at risk of impaired immune response associated with a malignant neoplasm. The inefficient immune response was also shown in cancer patients receiving immunomodulatory therapy. However, some studies registered the specific immunogenicity after vaccination in patients with concomitant immunosuppression.</p><p>Methotrexate is a folate antimetabolite. The drug can be used both in high doses as an antimetabolite in the antitumor therapy, and in low doses as an immunosuppressive agent in patients with autoimmune diseases. Therefore, the review also discusses a study that evaluated the humoral and cellular immune response to the BNT162b2 (PfizerBioNTech) anti-COVID-19 vaccine in patients receiving methotrexate. The rate of antibody production was lower in patients receiving methotrexate, though the level of T-cell response was similar in all groups studied.</p><p>The review discussed immune compromised patients with cancer and hematological malignancies and patients living with HIV who had COVID-19. Most studies reported no significant differences of COVID-19 outcomes between major population and the patients with suppressed immune system.</p><p>Hereby, the cell and humoral immune response in immune compromised patients is possible, however, additional studies are required to confirm these data.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цель обзора – изучение иммунного ответа на коронавирусную инфекцию (COVID-19), вызываемую вирусом SARS-CoV-2, у разных категорий людей, в том числе у лиц с заведомыми нарушениями иммунитета, обусловленными как сопутствующими заболеваниями, так и иммуносупрессивной терапией.</p><p>Особый интерес представляют Т-клетки, в частности их роль в сравнении с выработкой антител, а также эффективность Т-клеточного иммунитета против инфекции SARS-CoV-2 и в обеспечении устойчивости к повторному инфицированию. Все состояния, сопровождающиеся ослабленным иммунитетом, такие как аутоиммунные заболевания, не аутоиммунные воспалительные заболевания, состояния, связанные с воздействием препаратов-иммуносупрессоров, и, несомненно, онкологические патологии, повышают восприимчивость к SARS-CoV-2 и развитию COVID-19, а также ухудшают течение болезни.</p><p>Ряд исследований подтверждает, что пациенты с онкологическими патологиями подвержены риску нарушений иммунного ответа, связанных с основным злокачественным заболеванием, а также получением иммуномодулирующей терапии онкологического заболевания. Однако при этом в ряде исследований была показана иммуногенность после вакцинации у пациентов с сопутствующей иммуносупрессией.</p><p>Метотрексат, антиметаболит фолиевой кислоты, может быть применен как в высоких дозах в качестве антиметаболита в терапии онкологических заболеваний, так и в низких дозах в качестве иммуносупрессора при аутоиммунных патологиях. В связи с этим в обзоре также рассматриваются результаты исследования, в ходе которого была проведена оценка гуморального и клеточного иммунного ответа на вакцину BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) против COVID-19 у пациентов, принимающих метотрексат. Частота выработки антител была ниже у группы пациентов, принимающих метотрексат, однако уровень Т-клеточного ответа был сходным во всех исследуемых группах. При отсутствии вакцинации показатели гуморального иммунитета пациентов с онкологическими заболеваниями были низкими в сравнении с пациентами контрольных групп. Однако при вакцинации пациентов с сопутствующей иммуносупрессией отмечался клеточный и гуморальный иммунный ответ на вакцинопрофилактику.</p><p>В некоторых исследованиях показано, что тяжесть течения COVID-19 у ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов сопоставима с данными по этому критерию у населения в целом, что дает основания предположить адекватный иммунный ответ на SARS-CoV-2 у таких пациентов.</p><p>Таким образом, при рассмотренных в статье иммуносупрессивных состояниях возможно образование гуморального и клеточного иммунитета к коронавирусной инфекции, однако для подтверждения этих данных требуются дополнительные исследования.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>T-cell immunity</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>methotrexate</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd><kwd>cancer</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>T-клеточный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>метотрексат</kwd><kwd>вакцинация</kwd><kwd>онкология</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Dan J.M., Mateus J., Kato Y. et al. 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