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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский биотерапевтический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9784</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1726-9792</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1273</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9784-2021-20-4-10-17</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of the cellular immunity response to the new coronavirus infection COVID-19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка клеточного звена иммунитета при новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-5863</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lobov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лобов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton Viktorovich Lobov</p><p>Bld. 2, 20 Nauchny Proezd, Moscow 117246</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Антон Викторович Лобов</p><p>117246 Москва, Научный пр-д, 20, стр. 2</p></bio><email>anton.lobov@exactelabs.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3481-2854</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>P. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>П. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bld. 2, 20 Nauchny Proezd, Moscow 117246</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117246 Москва, Научный пр-д, 20, стр. 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0421-3287</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pogodina</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Погодина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bld. 2, 20 Nauchny Proezd, Moscow 117246</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117246 Москва, Научный пр-д, 20, стр. 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2032-6289</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazey</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казей</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bld. 2, 20 Nauchny Proezd, Moscow 117246</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117246 Москва, Научный пр-д, 20, стр. 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2027-6621</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maksimova</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максимова</surname><given-names>Е. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bld. 2, 20 Nauchny Proezd, Moscow 117246</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117246 Москва, Научный пр-д, 20, стр. 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9374-3158</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shubina</surname><given-names>I. Zh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шубина</surname><given-names>И. Ж.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Exacte Labs, LLC</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Экзактэ Лабс»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>10</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-12-01"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-12-01"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1273">https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1273</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In December 2019 humanity faced a new coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus and the disease referred to as COVID-19 has spread globally.</p><p>Specially adapted for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA tests based on polymerase chain reaction are used to identify infected patients by processing nasal and oropharyngeal swabs. However, often it may not be sufficient to use </p><p>polymerase chain reaction only, but in many cases it is very important to assess the humoral and cellular immune reactions to the infection.</p><p>The present review aims to summarize and analyze the available literature data on the formation of the immune response and diagnostic methods used for characteristics of the immune reactions in patients who recovered from COVID-19 or received an anti-COVID-19 vaccine.</p><p>Currently, the effectiveness of anti-COVID-19 vaccination and the developing immunity after a previous illness are assessed by detecting specific antibodies. A number of observations show that anti-S and anti-RDB IgG titers significantly decline within 6–8 months after diagnosis. It is important to note that although the antibody levels in the blood of recovered patients decrease, the memory cells can be determined by the appropriate tests.</p><p>The ELISPOT (Enzyme-linked immunospot) method, which is a variation of the ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), allows estimation the T- and B-cells that release activation factors such as cytokines and antibodies in response to the presented antigens.</p><p>The assessment of the generation and effective function of the immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 requires the evaluation of the content and functional activity of its various components, including B-lymphocytes, CD8<sup>+</sup>, CD4<sup>+</sup>T-lymphocytes, since they have rather independent mechanisms of action of cellular memory.</p><p>Therefore, it is crucially important to have tools for evaluating the immunity to SARS-CoV-2 when the level of antibodies is insufficient for determination by the available registered tests, and the introduction of test systems into clinical diagnostic practice, allowing to identify markers of long-term cellular memory, are relevant.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В декабре 2019 г. человечество столкнулось с новой коронавирусной инфекцией, возбудитель которой был идентифицирован как SARS-CoV-2, а болезнь получила название COVID-19 (ковид). Для выявления инфицированных пациентов используют получившие широкое распространение тесты на основе полимеразной цепной реакции, способные обнаружить РНК SARS-CoV-2 в мазках из носа и ротоглотки. Однако не менее важным, а во многих случаях и единственным способом диагностики является оценка реакции на возбудитель различных звеньев иммунитета, таких как гуморальное и клеточное.</p><p>Цель предлагаемого обзора литературы – обобщить и проанализировать имеющиеся данные о формировании иммунного ответа и разрабатываемые подходы к комплексной характеристике иммунного ответа пациентов с подтвержденным контактом с возбудителем COVID-19 или в результате вакцинации.</p><p>В настоящее время эффективность антиковидной вакцинации и наличие иммунитета после перенесенного заболевания оценивают, определяя специфические антитела. Наблюдения показывают, что титры анти-S и анти-RDB IgG значительно снижаются через 6–8 мес после постановки диагноза. Важным моментом является то, что даже при падении уровней антител в крови переболевших пациентов обнаруживаются клетки памяти. Обнаружить отдельные Т-, B-лимфоциты, отвечающие выбросом различных маркеров активации (цитокины, антитела) на представленные антигены, позволяет метод ELISPOT (Enzyme-linked immunospot), являющийся разновидностью ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).</p><p>Для более полного понимания формирования и эффективности иммунной памяти к SARS-CoV-2 требуется оценка содержания и функциональной активности различных ее компонентов, включая B-лимфоциты, CD8<sup>+</sup>-, CD4<sup>+</sup>-T-лимфоциты, поскольку они имеют относительно независимые друг от друга механизмы действия клеточной памяти. В связи с этим актуальны оценка иммунитета к SARS-CoV-2, когда уровень антител становится недостаточным для их определения зарегистрированными тестами, и внедрение в клинико-диагностическую практику тест-систем, позволяющих выявить маркеры долговременной клеточной памяти.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>coronavirus infection</kwd><kwd>immune response to SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>B- and T-cell memory</kwd><kwd>laboratory diagnostics</kwd><kwd>ELISPOT</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>коронавирусная инфекция</kwd><kwd>иммунный ответ на SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>В- и Т-клеточная память</kwd><kwd>лабораторная диагностика</kwd><kwd>ELISPOT</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Temporary guidelines “Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19)” Version 11 (07.05.2021). Moscow, 2021. C. 6. 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