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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Biotherapy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский биотерапевтический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9784</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1726-9792</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1234</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9784-2020-19-4-65-73</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL REPORTS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">CROSSTALK BETWEEN AUTOPHAGY AND APOPTOSIS IN CD437-INDUCED А549 LUNG CARCINOMA CELL DEATH</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>О ВЗАИМОСВЯЗИ АУТОФАГИИ И АПОПТОЗА В ГИБЕЛИ КЛЕТОК КАРЦИНОМЫ ЛЕГКОГО А549, ИНДУЦИРОВАННОЙ CD437</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9342-5523</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vartanian</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вартанян</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Амалия Арташевна Вартанян </p><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><email>zhivotov57@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-3492</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khochenkov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хоченков</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4660-8519</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kosobokova</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кособокова</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8462-2178</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kosorukov</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Косоруков</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-12-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>65</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-12-08"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-12-08"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1234">https://bioterapevt.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1234</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p/><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Synthetic retinoids CD437, an agonist of the gamma retinoic acid receptor (RARγ), not only induces growth arrest, but in contrast to retinoid acid, it also induces RARγ-independent apoptosis in many tumor cells through a unique mechanism that is independent of the retinoic acid receptor-mediated pathway.</p><p><bold>The aim</bold> of the study was to study the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy in CD437-induced cell death.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> In this study we used 2D-culturing of lung carcinoma cells A549, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.</p><p><bold>Results.</bold> CD437 at concentrations between 0.2 and 5.0 μM increased the number of PI-positive cells in A549 lung cancer cells. The retinoid at concentrations close to IC<sub>50</sub> reduced the cell population in the G2/M-phase and arrest cell cycle in the S-phase. CD437 dose-dependent increased the number of apoptotic cells in the presence of non-cytotoxic concentrations of wortmanin, an irreversible inhibitor of anti-stress kinasе PI-3K, and LY 200192, a reversible inhibitor. CD437 also activated the biogenesis of autophagosomes, and there was a dose-dependent increase in the fluorescence intensity of monodansilkadaverine, a marker of autophagy. However, accumulation of LC-3B was not observed with an increase of CD437 concentration from 0.1 to 5.0 μM suggesting that the fusion between autophagic vacuoles and lysosomes was inhibited. zVAD-fmk, an irreversible caspase inhibitor, did not restore autophagy in A549 cells, and LC-3B levels did not change significantly with the increasing of CD437 concentration, indicating that CD437 was involved in autophagosome-lysosome fusion. When cells grew with non-cytotoxic concentrations of chlorokine, a late stage autophagy inhibitor, there were virtually no living cells at CD437 concentrations close to IC<sub>50</sub>. The additive effect of CD437 and chlorokine in inducing A549 cell death confirms that CD437 involved in fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes required for final catabolism of autophagic material.</p><bold>Conclusions.</bold> The data obtained indicate that CD437 induced a failure of cytoprotective function of autophagy and apoptosis, that raise the question of combined therapy of CD437 with cytotoxic drugs in the treatment of lung carcinoma</abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p/><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Синтетический ретиноид CD437, агонист γ-рецептора ретиноевой кислоты (RARγ), не только останавливает клеточный цикл, но и, в отличие от ретиноевой кислоты, индуцирует в опухолевых клетках RARγ-независимый апоптоз посредством уникального механизма, не зависящего от пути, опосредованного рецепторами ретиноевой кислоты.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>– изучение взаимосвязи между апоптозом и аутофагией в CD437-индуцированной гибели клетки.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В работе были использованы: 2D-культивирование клеток карциномы легкого А549, иммуноцитохимия, проточная цитофлуориметрия, флуоресцентная микроскопия.</p><p><bold>Результаты.</bold> CD437 в диапазоне концентраций от 0,2 до 5,0 мкМ увеличивал количество PI-положительных клеток в культуре карциномы легкого А549. При концентрациях, близких к IC<sub>50</sub>, ретиноид снижал популяцию клеток в G2/M-фазе клеточного цикла и останавливал клеточный цикл в S-фазе. CD437 дозозависимо увеличивал количество апоптотических клеток в присутствии нецитотоксических концентраций вортманнина, необратимого ингибитора антистрессовой киназы PI-3K, и LY 294002, обратимого ингибитора. CD437 также активировал формирование аутофагосом, наблюдалось дозозависимое повышение интенсивности флуоресценции монодансилкадаверина, маркера аутофагии. Однако избирательного накопления LC-3B с возрастанием концентрации CD437 (0,1–5,0 мкМ) в клетках не наблюдалось, что позволяет сделать предположение об ингибировании слияния аутофагических вакуолей и лизосом. zVAD-fmk, необратимый ингибитор каспаз, не восстанавливал аутофагию в клетках А549, и уровень LC-3B существенно не менялся при увеличении концентрации CD437, что указывало на участие CD437 в слиянии аутофагосомы с лизосомой. При инкубировании клеток с нецитотоксическими концентрациями хлорокина, ингибитора терминальной стадии аутофагии, при концентрациях CD437, близких к IC<sub>50</sub> , живых клеток практически не оставалось. Аддитивный эффект CD437 и хлорокина в индукции гибели клеток А549 предполагает, что CD437 участвует в слиянии аутофагосом и лизосом, необходимом для завершения катаболизма аутофагического материала.</p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полученные нами данные указывают на отмену CD437 цитопротекторной функции аутофагии и запуск апоптоза, что позволяет поднять вопрос о комбинированной терапии CD437 с цитотоксическими препаратами в лечении карциномы легкого.</trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>CD437</kwd><kwd>аpoptosis</kwd><kwd>autophagy</kwd><kwd>PI-3K-kinase</kwd><kwd>zVAD-fmk</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>CD437</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd><kwd>аутофагия</kwd><kwd>PI-3K-киназа</kwd><kwd>zVAD-fmk</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Ministry of Health within the framework of experimental scientific development program № АААА-А20-120031190017-7 “Development and preclinical study of the drug BEL400 for tumor therapy”.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках НИОКТР № АААА-А20-120031190017-7 «Разработка и доклиническое исследование лекарственного средства BEL400, предназначенного для терапии опухолей».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Wolf G. 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