The effectiveness of recombinant interleukin-2 preparations in secondary immunodeficiency developing in destructive pulmonary tuberculosis. Systematic review

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Abstract

Background. Secondary immunodeficiency in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis has a significant impact on the course and outcome of the disease. Recombinant (rIL-2) interleukin-2 (IL-2) preparations are considered the most promising for pathogenetic immunotherapy.

Aim. Systematization of data confirming the association of secondary immune deficiency and IL-2 deficiency with the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis and evaluation of the results of using rIL-2 as a pathogenetically substantiated means of immunocorrection.

Materials and methods. Medline / PubMed, eLibrary, and CyberLeninka were used to search for scientific publications. Articles relevant to the review objective were identified for the period from 1997 to 2025 using the following terms: tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and immunity.

Results. A systematic review based on a literature search for sources characterizing the state of immunoreactivity in patients with destructive pulmonary tuberculosis and the effectiveness of combined use of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy and rIL-2 showed that secondary immune deficiency is associated with various forms of destructive pulmonary tuberculosis and manifests itself in the form of lymphopenia, cellular immune deficiency, including a quantitative deficiency of CD4+ and / or CD8+ lymphocytes, suppression of their functional activity, and production of IL-2. Twenty studies were devoted to the use of rIL-2 in combination with standard polychemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis, in which bacteriological, immunological, and radiological research outcomes were assessed along with clinical symptoms. All studies were randomized, 2 of which were double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies. The studies included a total of 2,730 patients suffering from various forms of destructive pulmonary tuberculosis. Various doses, routes of administration of rIL-2, and durations of immune therapy were used. The use of rIL-2 in combination with anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy helps to correct secondary immunodeficiency, restore quantitative and functional immune parameters, and increase the frequency of abacillization, leading to positive radiological dynamics and improved clinical outcomes.

Conclusion. The inclusion of cytokine therapy with rIL-2 in the standard anti-tuberculosis polychemotherapy is pathogenetically justified, reliably increases the effectiveness of treatment and has a good safety profile.

About the authors

Viktor K. Kozlov

Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology named after Academician S. N. Golikov, FMBA of Russia; Saint Petersburg State University

Email: Viktoriia.Stelmakh@szgmu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5751-215X
Russian Federation, 1 Bekhtereva St., St. Petersburg 192019; 7–9 Universitetskaya Embankment, St. Petersburg 199034

Viktoriya V. Stelmakh

Mechnikov North-West State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia

Author for correspondence.
Email: Viktoriia.Stelmakh@szgmu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7942-1227
Russian Federation, 41 Kirochnaya St., St. Petersburg 195000

Ivan G. Kozlov

Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University)

Email: Viktoriia.Stelmakh@szgmu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9694-5687
Russian Federation, Build. 2, 8 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119048

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