Multiparametric immunohistochemical analysis in cancer diagnosis (literary review)

Introduction. Multiparametric comparative analysis of clinical and molecular genetic biomarkers of malignant tumors has strong diagnostic and prognostic potentials and is a prerequisite for the development of personalized medicine. This approach makes it possible not only to simultaneously detect the expression of several tumor biomarkers, but also to obtain data on their spatial distribution in tissues examined, as well as to estimate the mutual location of tumor cells and tumor microenvironment expressing specific biomarkers. Thus, multiparametric immunohistochemical analysis (IHCA), which allows not only confirming the specific disease, but also carrying out 3D imaging of biopsy specimens and analyzing the spatial organization of tumor tissue, as well as the expression rates of biomarkers at the level of individual cells, opens wide prospects in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

Aim. Systematizing data on the potential of multiparametric IHCA for cancer diagnosis and development of the personalized approach to cancer therapy.

Results. Multiparametric IHCA allows estimating the heterogeneity of the tumor at the level of molecular subtypes, as well as the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. These data make it possible to predict tumor development, determine its metastatic potential, and select an effective strategy for individual therapy.

Conclusion. This review analyzes the use of multiparametric IHCA for the detection of malignant tumors and shows its high potential for the differentiation of tumors and the study of tumor microenvironment. This ensures effective selection of the therapeutic strategy and accurate assessment of the response to therapy.